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Chromium is a trace element that is deposited in ultramafic and mafic rock minerals, including the spinel group metals chromite (FeCr2O4) and uvarovite and the garnet group mineral crocoite. It is also used in the plating industry for chrome electroplating and leather tanning, and is an important industrial metal because of its corrosion resistance. It is present at Earth’s surface in two oxidation states: Cr6 + (Cr(VI)), which forms the toxic, water-soluble oxyanions chromate and bichromate, and Cr3 + (Cr(III)), which forms the nontoxic, water-insoluble oxianions dichromate and trichromate. The most common stable isotope of chromium is 52Cr. Radioactive isotopes of chromium are 53Cr and 67Cr, which decay to form 50Cr through electron capture and beta decay, respectively.
Isotope notation is the method for writing chemical symbols and names that differentiate atoms of the same element by their relative number of neutrons, as well as the number of protons. For example, the carbon atom has six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus for a total mass of 12 atomic units (u). An atom’s overall charge is equal to its total mass, but the mass of an individual neutron is very small.
The atomic mass of an element is a weighted average of the atomic masses of its naturally occurring isotopes, determined by adding up the percentages of each isotope. In addition to the standard atomic mass for each element, the isotope data for a particular sample are used to calculate its relative isotopic composition and standard atomic mass, which are shown in the table below.